Hafnium is a rare refractory metal primarily used in aerospace superalloys, nuclear control rods, plasma cutting electrodes, and semiconductor manufacturing. It has a melting point of approximately 2,233°C and offers excellent high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Tungsten (W) is a high-density refractory metal with a melting point of 3,422°C. It is widely used in aerospace, defense, electronics, tooling, mining, and high-temperature industrial applications due to its outstanding heat resistance, strength, and durability.

Molybdenum supports applications that value high-temperature performance, conductivity, and lower thermal expansion, including furnace, glass, tooling, electronics, and sputtering environments.

Niobium adds value where customers need a metal input that supports higher-performance steels, superalloys, or engineered materials with better strength and temperature capability.